Anthony has 28, Knicks beat Pacers to stay alive

New York Knicks' Raymond Felton (2) goes up for a shot against Indiana Pacers' Ian Mahinmi in the second half of Game 5 of an Eastern Conference semifinal in the NBA basketball playoffs, at Madison Square Garden in New York, Thursday, May 16, 2013. (AP Photo/Julio Cortez)

New York Knicks' Raymond Felton (2) goes up for a shot against Indiana Pacers' Ian Mahinmi in the second half of Game 5 of an Eastern Conference semifinal in the NBA basketball playoffs, at Madison Square Garden in New York, Thursday, May 16, 2013. (AP Photo/Julio Cortez)

New York Knicks' Kenyon Martin (3) blocks a shot by Indiana Pacers' Paul George (24) in the second half of Game 5 of an Eastern Conference semifinal in the NBA basketball playoffs, at Madison Square Garden in New York, Thursday, May 16, 2013. (AP Photo/Julio Cortez)

Indiana Pacers' Lance Stephenson lies on the court in the first half of Game 5 of an Eastern Conference semifinal in the NBA basketball playoffs against the New York Knicks, at Madison Square Garden in New York, Thursday, May 16, 2013. (AP Photo/Julio Cortez)

Indiana Pacers' Sam Young, left, defends New York Knicks' J.R. Smith in the first half of Game 5 of an Eastern Conference semifinal in the NBA basketball playoffs, at Madison Square Garden in New York, Thursday, May 16, 2013. (AP Photo/Julio Cortez)

New York Knicks coach Mike Woodson, right, talks to referee John Goble in the first half of Game 5 of an Eastern Conference semifinal in the NBA basketball playoffs, at Madison Square Garden in New York, Thursday, May 16, 2013. (AP Photo/Julio Cortez)

NEW YORK (AP) ? Carmelo Anthony made two jumpers to open the game, knowing it wouldn't stay that easy.

The defenses in this series are too good, so the difference is something else.

"It's just a matter of who wants it more," Anthony said.

On Thursday night, that was the Knicks.

Anthony scored 28 points and New York avoided elimination in the Eastern Conference semifinals with an 85-75 victory over Indiana in Game 5.

Reserves J.R. Smith and Chris Copeland each had 13 points for the Knicks, who trail 3-2 and will need a victory Saturday in Indiana to force a seventh game back here Monday. They are trying to become the ninth NBA team to overcome a 3-1 deficit to win a series.

"I was totally impressed because we met the challenge," Knicks coach Mike Woodson said. "I think as a coach you come into games like this and you want to see who's going to step up and make plays, and I thought we did that tonight. We were the better team in terms of doing that."

Anthony, who didn't make a basket in the fourth quarter of either game in Indiana, made a jumper midway through the fourth quarter after Indiana closed within four points. He followed with two free throws, Raymond Felton made a layup, and the Knicks were never in jeopardy again.

Paul George had 23 points, six rebounds and six assists for the Pacers. They played without point guard George Hill because of a concussion and committed 19 turnovers.

"We've just got to play more solid. There's no other way to put it," Pacers coach Frank Vogel said.

George battled foul trouble and couldn't contain Anthony quite as well as he had while the Pacers easily won the previous two games.

Anthony made his first two shots as New York raced to a 7-0 lead in a game in which it never trailed. He finished only 12 of 28, but got plenty of bench help.

"We didn't shoot the ball very well, but we made shots at the crucial time," Anthony said.

David West had 17 points and 10 rebounds for the Pacers, who were trying to reach the Eastern Conference finals for the first time since 2004.

"We didn't play well. It was a bad game for us and we were still there," George said.

The winner will face the defending NBA champion Miami Heat in a series that will start Wednesday.

New York didn't really shake its scoring slump, shooting only 41 percent from the field, but put together a few runs during the game to open just enough space against a Pacers team that shot 36 percent and was a dismal 19 of 33 at the free throw line.

They clearly missed Hill after learning about four hours before the game they would be without him.

Vogel said Hill was hurt after a collision with Knicks center Tyson Chandler during the first half of Indiana's 93-82 victory on Tuesday. Hill finished the game and scored 26 points, but experienced some headaches and showed concussion symptoms since and wasn't able to pass the league's concussion tests so he could play Thursday night.

The Knicks went back to their regular lineup, reinserting Pablo Prigioni, after going with a bigger group in Game 4 in a futile effort to match Indiana on the boards. The smaller group did a better job, getting outrebounded only 43-40.

"We're not going to go out without fighting," Chandler said.

The Knicks finally opened it up midway through the third quarter with a 12-4 run, started by Smith's bank shot and featuring a 3-pointer and follow shot from Copeland, who got more playing time while Woodson gave little to veterans Amare Stoudemire and the slumping Jason Kidd, who missed his only shot and remains scoreless in the series.

"Coaching is a feel. It's not always what players want at the end of the day, it's about winning," Woodson said. "That's all I'm in it for."

Anthony made a jumper and a 3-pointer on his first two shots, and Iman Shumpert followed with another jumper for a 7-0 start. Smith got a big ovation when he checked in, which grew much louder when he made his first shot, dribbling back behind the arc for a 3-pointer that made it 17-12 with 2:56 left in the opening quarter.

Smith has endured a miserable stretch since elbowing Boston's Jason Terry in the fourth quarter of Game 3 in the first round. Suspended for Game 4, he hasn't relocated his shot since, hitting 28 percent in the first four games and has been criticized for not being focused after he was seen out a nightclub with singer Rihanna the night before Game 1 ? a day game.

He was only 4 of 11, but hit the jumper that started the Knicks' run in the third quarter.

"Still didn't shoot the best but it always helps coming home and playing in front of these fans," Smith said. "Hopefully the little bit of rhythm that I did get carries me over."

The Knicks extended their 19-15 lead after one to 32-23 on Copeland's 3-pointer with 7:06 remaining in the second. The Pacers chipped away for most of the half, but couldn't take the lead in part because of their sloppy free throw shooting, going 8 of 16 in the half that agonizingly wouldn't end when both Chandler and the Pacers' Sam Young committed fouls more than 30 feet from the basket in the final 2.4 seconds.

NOTES: Kidd is 0 for 8 in the series, part of a 0-for-17 skid that began with Game 3 against Boston in the first round. The 40-year-old point guard, surely headed for the Hall of Fame, is 3 of 25 in the postseason and hasn't scored since hitting a 3-pointer against the Celtics in Game 2 on April 23. He played 5 minutes and Stoudemire played 6?. ... The Phoenix Suns are the last team to win a series after trailing 3-1, beating the Los Angeles Lakers in 2006. The Brooklyn Nets forced Chicago to a seventh game in the first round, but dropped Game 7 on their home floor. ... West was 5 of 13 in the first half. The other four Indiana starters were 5 for 23.

___

Follow Brian Mahoney on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/Briancmahoney

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/347875155d53465d95cec892aeb06419/Article_2013-05-17-BKN-Pacers-Knicks-Folo/id-d126ba1686384e7e8e2b13dbb60e99a5

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T-Pain Is 'Always Funny,' Andy Samberg Says Of Lonely Island Pal

'SNL' alum tells MTV News there's 'a lot more fake raps' (or 'fraps') on Lonely Island's Wack Album, due in June.
By Jocelyn Vena

Source: http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1707482/andy-samberg-lonely-island-wack-album.jhtml

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Friendly with the Dalai Lama? Good luck talking with Beijing

Meeting the Dalai Lama can have sharp diplomatic and economic consequences with Beijing, as Britain's Prime Minister Cameron, who wants to lead a trade mission to China, has found out.

By Peter Ford,?Staff writer / May 13, 2013

The Dalai Lama answers questions during His Holiness the Dalai Lama Environmental Summit on "Universal Responsibility and the Global Environment" at Veterans Memorial Coliseum, Saturday, May 11, 2013 in Portland, Ore.

Motoya Nakamura, The Oregonian/AP

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Prince Charles, heir to the British throne, has never had very good relations with the Chinese government. But now his personal envoy to Beijing is offering to help another British leader who seems to be even more firmly in the Chinese doghouse ? Prime Minister David Cameron.

Skip to next paragraph Peter Ford

Beijing Bureau Chief

Peter Ford is The Christian Science Monitor?s Beijing Bureau Chief. He covers news and features throughout China and also makes reporting trips to Japan and the Korean peninsula.

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Mr. Cameron, who would dearly like to head a trade and investment mission to China, incurred Beijing?s wrath last May by meeting the Dalai Lama. The fact that it was a private meeting, on sacred ground in St. Paul?s cathedral, makes no difference. He will be persona non grata until he apologizes.

That status can be costly: A 2010 study by academics at the University of Gottingen in Germany found that countries whose top leadership received the Dalai Lama lost an average of 8.1 percent of their exports to China over the following two years, though the effect wore off after that punishment period.

Enter Sir David Tang, Hong Kong fashion tycoon and flamboyant London socialite, who also heads Prince Charles?s charitable foundation in Beijing. He told the Daily Telegraph?s gossip columnist over the weekend that he is ready to help defrost London?s diplomatic relations with Beijing.

?Look at the Prince of Wales,? he told the paper. ?He?s now very engaged with lots of Chinese people.?

?Twas not ever thus. The Prince?s stock here hit rock bottom in 2005 when somebody leaked the private diary he had kept in 1997, when he represented the Queen at the handover of Hong Kong to Chinese sovereignty in 1997. He famously described the assembly of top Chinese leaders at the ceremony as ?appalling old waxworks.?

In 2009, however, Prince Charles opened a Chinese branch of his international foundation, funding projects that build sustainable communities. That has helped, but he has still never visited mainland China.

Charles himself is close to the Dalai Lama, which makes him a suspicious character in Beijing?s eyes. The Chinese authorities go to extraordinary lengths to persuade foreign leaders not to meet the Tibetan leader, whom they accuse of being an anti-Chinese? ?splittist,? and when those leaders fail they grow very angry.

Former French President Nicolas Sarkozy?was subjected to such anger when he met the Dalai Lama.?

France emerged from such a period of diplomatic and trade punishment in 2009, only after it signed a joint statement with China clarifying that Paris ?fully appreciates the importance and sensitivity of the Tibet issue and reaffirms ? that Tibet is an integral part of Chinese territory.?

Since the Dalai Lama himself has also said, repeatedly, that Tibet is part of Chinese territory, and that he does not seek independence, French diplomats could argue that they were not conceding anything. But the symbolism of the statement was clear.

London appears to have escaped the export boycott: A British government spokesman pointed out that UK exports to China had climbed by 13.4 percent last year.

He also defended Cameron?s right to choose who he meets in private regardless of China?s feelings on the matter. ?It is entirely reasonable for the prime minister to decide who he meets,? the spokesman said.?

But no sooner had the queen finished her speech opening Parliament last Wednesday, than Cameron was offering olive branches to Beijing. A senior member of the ruling Conservative Party lobbed the prime minister a clearly pre-arranged question about Sino-British relations; Cameron lost no time in reassuring Parliament, and Beijing, of course, that ?we recognize Tibet as part of China. We do not support Tibetan independence and we respect China?s sovereignty.

?We do want to have a strong and positive relationship with China,? he stressed.

It remains to be seen whether this will be enough to placate Beijing.?

Source: http://rss.csmonitor.com/~r/csmonitor/globalnews/~3/ge9Sq-PTtZw/Friendly-with-the-Dalai-Lama-Good-luck-talking-with-Beijing

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The CW Comes Out with 2013-2014 Schedule

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True Blood Season 6 Poster: No One Lives Forever

Source: http://www.thehollywoodgossip.com/2013/05/true-blood-season-6-poster-no-one-lives-forever/

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The mechanism that puts the curl in the curling stone revealed

Public release date: 13-May-2013
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Staffan Jacobson
staffan.jacobson@angstrom.uu.se
46-184-713-088
Uppsala University

Researchers from Uppsala University in Sweden can now reveal the mechanism behind the curved path of a curling stone. The discovery by the researchers, who usually study friction and wear in industrial and technical applications, is now published in the scientific journal Wear.

In the curling sport, the players shoot their stones along the ice so that they slowly slide towards the target area, almost 30 m away. The game has its name from the slightly curved "curled" path taken by the stone, when released with a slow rotation. This curled path is important since it is used to reach open spots behind previously played stones, or take out opponent stones behind hindering "guarding" stones. As soon as the player releases the stone, it is only affected by the friction against the ice. The friction can be slightly reduced, and therefore the sliding distance somewhat increased by intensively sweeping the ice just in front of the sliding stone.

If the player gives the stone a clockwise rotation as it is released, it curls to the right, while an anti clockwise rotating stone will curl to the left. The stone is heavy, almost 20 kg, and the rotation is very slow, typically 2-3 rotations during the roughly 25 seconds it takes to slide to the target. This is much too slow to cause the curved path taken by the ball in sports such as table tennis, tennis or soccer.

Despite years of speculations among the curlers and several scientific articles, so far no one has been able to present a good explanation to why the curling stones actually curl; "What puts the curl in the curling stone?". Interestingly, other rotating objects sliding over a surface curl in the opposite direction (make a simple test by sliding for example a glass turned upside down over a slippery floor).

However, the mechanism has now been revealed by researchers at Uppsala University in Sweden. Harald Nyberg, Sara Alfredsson, Sture Hogmark and Staffan Jacobson, who usually study friction and wear in technical and industrial material systems, describe in their article that the curved path is due to the microscopic roughness of the stone producing microscopic scratches in the ice sheet. As the stone slides over the ice the roughness on its leading half will produce small scratches in the ice. The rotation of the stone will give the scratches a slight deviation from the sliding direction. When the rough protrusions on the trailing half shortly pass the same area, they will cross the scratches from the front in a small angle. When crossing these scratches they will have a tendency to follow them. It is this scratch-guiding or track steering mechanism that generate the sideway force necessary to cause the curl.

The importance of having a proper roughness of the sliding surface on the stone to give it he expected trajectory, is since long known among curlers. However, this has not previously been coupled to the steering mechanism. While working on their model the Uppsala researchers experimented with pre-scratching of the ice in various ways, and could then observe that also non-rotating stones could be guided. Stones with very smooth, polished sliding surface were however not affected by the scratches. They also investigated the microscopic scratches made by the stones by moulding replicas of the ice, that were subsequently studied in microscopes.

###

The new results have been published in "The asymmetrical friction mechanism that puts the curl in the curling stone", Nyberg, H., S. Alfredsson, S. Hogmark, and S. Jacobson, Wear (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2013.01.051

The researchers have also published a validation of older models, showing why they cannot satisfactorily explain the curling mechanisms: H. Nyberg, S. Hogmark, and S. Jacobson, "Calculated trajectories of curling stones sliding under asymmetrical friction - validation of published models". Tribology Letters, on line DOI 10.1007/s11249-013-0135-9, (April 2013)

Read more about the research group: http://www.angstrom.uu.se/tribomaterials

---

[ | E-mail | Share ]

?

AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Public release date: 13-May-2013
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Staffan Jacobson
staffan.jacobson@angstrom.uu.se
46-184-713-088
Uppsala University

Researchers from Uppsala University in Sweden can now reveal the mechanism behind the curved path of a curling stone. The discovery by the researchers, who usually study friction and wear in industrial and technical applications, is now published in the scientific journal Wear.

In the curling sport, the players shoot their stones along the ice so that they slowly slide towards the target area, almost 30 m away. The game has its name from the slightly curved "curled" path taken by the stone, when released with a slow rotation. This curled path is important since it is used to reach open spots behind previously played stones, or take out opponent stones behind hindering "guarding" stones. As soon as the player releases the stone, it is only affected by the friction against the ice. The friction can be slightly reduced, and therefore the sliding distance somewhat increased by intensively sweeping the ice just in front of the sliding stone.

If the player gives the stone a clockwise rotation as it is released, it curls to the right, while an anti clockwise rotating stone will curl to the left. The stone is heavy, almost 20 kg, and the rotation is very slow, typically 2-3 rotations during the roughly 25 seconds it takes to slide to the target. This is much too slow to cause the curved path taken by the ball in sports such as table tennis, tennis or soccer.

Despite years of speculations among the curlers and several scientific articles, so far no one has been able to present a good explanation to why the curling stones actually curl; "What puts the curl in the curling stone?". Interestingly, other rotating objects sliding over a surface curl in the opposite direction (make a simple test by sliding for example a glass turned upside down over a slippery floor).

However, the mechanism has now been revealed by researchers at Uppsala University in Sweden. Harald Nyberg, Sara Alfredsson, Sture Hogmark and Staffan Jacobson, who usually study friction and wear in technical and industrial material systems, describe in their article that the curved path is due to the microscopic roughness of the stone producing microscopic scratches in the ice sheet. As the stone slides over the ice the roughness on its leading half will produce small scratches in the ice. The rotation of the stone will give the scratches a slight deviation from the sliding direction. When the rough protrusions on the trailing half shortly pass the same area, they will cross the scratches from the front in a small angle. When crossing these scratches they will have a tendency to follow them. It is this scratch-guiding or track steering mechanism that generate the sideway force necessary to cause the curl.

The importance of having a proper roughness of the sliding surface on the stone to give it he expected trajectory, is since long known among curlers. However, this has not previously been coupled to the steering mechanism. While working on their model the Uppsala researchers experimented with pre-scratching of the ice in various ways, and could then observe that also non-rotating stones could be guided. Stones with very smooth, polished sliding surface were however not affected by the scratches. They also investigated the microscopic scratches made by the stones by moulding replicas of the ice, that were subsequently studied in microscopes.

###

The new results have been published in "The asymmetrical friction mechanism that puts the curl in the curling stone", Nyberg, H., S. Alfredsson, S. Hogmark, and S. Jacobson, Wear (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2013.01.051

The researchers have also published a validation of older models, showing why they cannot satisfactorily explain the curling mechanisms: H. Nyberg, S. Hogmark, and S. Jacobson, "Calculated trajectories of curling stones sliding under asymmetrical friction - validation of published models". Tribology Letters, on line DOI 10.1007/s11249-013-0135-9, (April 2013)

Read more about the research group: http://www.angstrom.uu.se/tribomaterials

---

[ | E-mail | Share ]

?

AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-05/uu-tmt051313.php

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NASA astronauts fix leak on International Space Station

Astronauts Thomas Marshburn and Christopher Cassidy conducted a spacewalk Saturday to fix an ammonia leak. They replaced a suspected faulty pump on the International Space Station.?

By David Clark Scott,?Staff writer / May 11, 2013

The gloved hands of one of two astronauts working to replace a possible faulty pump on the International Space Station that was leaking ammonia.

NASA screenshot

Enlarge

UPDATED: 4:30 p.m., Saturday.

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As a nearly five-hour spacewalk Saturday morning drew to a close, the two astronauts replaced a suspected faulty pump in an effort to fix an ammonia coolant leak on the International Space Station.

Astronauts Thomas Marshburn and Christopher Cassidy began their spacewalk at 8:44 a.m. Saturday. The two successfully replaced a 60-pound pump box which NASA suspected was the source of the leaking ammonia coolant. They found no evidence of the frozen ammonia flakes that had originally led them to the pump box. The astronauts also found no evidence of damage to the pump box.

The walk was hastily planned after ISS crew members alerted Mission Control about the leak on Thursday when they spotted "snowflakes" of frozen ammonia floating near the pump box. NASA says that it has been aware of a slow ammonia leak, but the rate had jump to 5 pounds per day on Thursday.

The ammonia coursing through the plumbing is used to cool the space station's electronic equipment, according to the Associated Press. There are eight of these power channels, and all seven others were operating normally. As a result, life for the six space station residents was pretty much unaffected.

NASA's space station program manager Mike Suffredini said it's a mystery as to why the leak erupted on Thursday. One possibility is a micrometeorite strike.

By 1:20 p.m. Saturday, Cassidy and Marshburn were finished with the space walk, and were heading back to the airlock. They saw no sign of leaks coming from the new pump. NASA engineers continued to pressure check the system and be certain that the new pump is working properly.?

"We're happy, we're very happy [with the space walk]," said Joel Montalbano, Deputy ISS Program Manager, in a press conference in Houston after the space walk. "We didn't see any obvious signs of leaks," but added that testing would continue in the coming days and weeks.
?

If the old pump isn't the source of the leak, NASA's hunt for the source will continue. But that will be another crew's problem. Mashburn and Canadian commander, Chris Hadfield, are scheduled to head back to Earth on Monday.

The two men are experienced space walkers: this was their fourth working sojourn outside the space station. But as they worked, there were the occasional moments when they could pause to look at the view 255 miles above the Earth. "Did you see the moon? Oh my God! Burn that in your memory, said Cassidy.

After running through a system check, the following exchange was heard:

"Houston, if you're still there, I'm feelin great," said Cassidy.

"We're still there. Copy that on feelin great," responded Mike Fincke, an astronaut who was guiding the duo from NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston.

NASA broadcast the spacewalk live on its website.

Source: http://rss.csmonitor.com/~r/feeds/science/~3/dSMc1UzbhSw/NASA-astronauts-fix-leak-on-International-Space-Station

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Prince Harry in Colo for wounded vet Warrior Games

COLORADO SPRINGS, Colo. (AP) ? Britain's Prince Harry, a veteran combat helicopter pilot, met Saturday with wounded service members competing in the Paralympic-style Warrior Games in Colorado.

The prince, wearing brown camouflage and boots, met with athletes on the United Kingdom team. He also plans to attend a volleyball match and the opening ceremonies at the Olympic training center in Colorado Springs.

The visit got underway Friday night when Harry charmed dozens of dignitaries, British expatriates, students and military officers at a cocktail party welcoming him to Colorado. He also joined the crowd in singing "Happy Birthday" to U.S. Olympic swimmer Missy Franklin, who was celebrating turning 18 at a golf club south of Denver.

A captain in Britain's Army Air Corps, Harry has deployed to Afghanistan twice. He's attending the Colorado games because he believes the wounded deserve recognition, according to a statement from St. James' Palace in London, the official residence of the royal family.

"He has said before how humbled he feels by the extraordinary courage and fortitude shown by those servicemen and women who have made huge sacrifices for their country, and to whom we all owe a considerable debt of gratitude," the statement said.

Harry returned to Britain in January after a 20-week deployment to Afghanistan as a co-pilot and gunner on an Apache helicopter.

He acknowledged to reporters he had targeted Taliban fighters, and when asked if he had killed anyone, said, "Yeah, so, lots of people have."

His first deployment to Afghanistan, as a forward air controller in 2007-2008, was cut short after 10 weeks when details of his whereabouts were disclosed in the media.

He caused a scandal on his last trip to the U.S. when he was photographed frolicking nude with an unidentified woman in a Las Vegas hotel suite in August.

"It was probably a classic example of me probably being too much army, and not enough prince," he said afterward.

The Warrior Games run through Thursday. They also include basketball, shooting, archery, swimming and track and field. About 260 athletes are expected.

___

Follow Dan Elliott at http://twitter.com/DanElliottAP

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/prince-harry-colo-wounded-vet-warrior-games-160652067.html

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Barns Are Red Because of How Stars Explode

We all know that barns are usually red. But why? Well, the answer is a little more complicated than you might think, but basically it's because of nuclear fusion.

Googler Yonatan Zunger took the time to explain the whole thing in great detail on Google+, and the train of thought goes a little something like this:

• Barns are red because red paint is the cheapest and easiest to make.
• Red paint is the cheapest and easiest to make because the ground is loaded with an iron-oxide compound called red orche. (or basically, rust)
• The ground is loaded with red ochre because when stars die, physics dictates they generate a bunch of iron and explode.

It's that step where things get a little more complicated. Zunger explains it this way:

[When a star dies, it] starts to shrink. And as it shrinks, the pressure goes up, and the temperature goes up, until suddenly it hits a temperature where a new reaction can get started. These new reactions give it a big burst of energy, but start to form heavier elements still, and so the cycle gradually repeats, with the star reacting further and further up the periodic table, producing more and more heavy elements as it goes.

Until it hits 56. At that point, the reactions simply stop producing energy at all; the star shuts down and collapses without stopping. This collapse raises the pressure even more, and sets off various nuclear reactions which will produce even heavier elements, but they don?t produce any energy: just stuff.

This stuff-generation just continues for a while, churning out material with an atomic mass of around 56 (iron) until eventually, it meets its final demise and explodes (sometimes), seeding that material through out the cosmos.

It's that rusty startdust that litters the ground of this planet we live on and makes it cheap and easy to get a whole bunch of red paint for our barns. Crazy, right? You can dig waaaaaay deeper into the nitty gritty details by reading Zunger's wildly in-depth post. [Yonatan Zunger via Smithsonian Blog]

Image by MaxyM/Shutterstock

Source: http://gizmodo.com/barns-are-red-because-of-how-stars-explode-501906503

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Finding Nematostella: Ancient sea creature shines new light on how animals build an appendage

May 1, 2013 ? There's a new actor on the embryology stage: the starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. Its career is being launched in part by Stowers Institute for Medical Research Associate Investigator Matt Gibson, Ph.D., who is giving it equal billing with what has been his laboratory's leading player, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

Gibson's lab investigates the cellular and molecular mechanisms used by cells to assemble into layers or clusters during embryogenesis. Those tissues, composed of densely packed cells known as epithelial cells, shape the body not only of simple creatures but also of mammals, where they line every body cavity from lung to intestine and form hormone- and milk-secreting glands. Unfortunately these cells have a dark side too- over 80% of human cancers, carcinomas, are of epithelial origin.

The Gibson lab has historically used the genetic powerhouse Drosophila to investigate the control of epithelial cell shape and proliferation during wing, leg and eye development. Breaking with tradition, their new study published in the May 15th, 2013 issue of Development, explains how developing sea anemone larvae construct an even more basic epithelial appendage, the tentacle. The paper charts how epithelial cell shape changes drive tentacle development and is also the first to identify candidate genes driving those changes. Most of all, by putting a new model organism representing one of the simplest animals center stage, the study illuminates some of the most fundamental principles animals use to construct a body.

Lacking even left-right symmetry, sea anemones are evolutionarily ancient. But during embryogenesis their larvae compensate for an uninspiring torso by sprouting tentacles from thickened epithelial buds surrounding their mouth. "Nematostella's body is basically a bag of epithelium," says Gibson. "And that simplicity makes it a great system for determining how epithelial cells act collectively to shape an appendage. Taking advantage of this fast, easy and cheap experimental system, we can quickly answer questions that give us deep insight into a process, at both the mechanistic and evolutionary levels."

The all-Stowers study, led by first author Ashleigh Fritz, a graduate student at the University of Kansas School of Medicine working in the Gibson lab, began by imaging Nematostella larvae at the cellular level before, during, and immediately after "juvenile" tentacles sprang from their body. Freshly hatched Nematostella larvae are under intense pressure to get their tentacles up and running, as they use them to pull food toward their mouths. The question was, what kind of cellular reshuffling drove these survival-dependent changes in morphology?

"We thought tentacle outgrowth might be driven by cell proliferation," says Fritz, noting that some of Nematostella's freshwater cousins sprout appendages by constant cell division. "Instead, we observed that cells begin thickened and then thin out as tentacles elongate." In other words, the process was driven not by cell duplication along a "tentacle axis" but rather by stretching a stockpile of cells.

Embryologists call the embryonic thickening of epithelial cells that provides raw material for a mature structure a placode. "Placodes have appeared over and over throughout evolution," says Gibson, noting that placodes give rise to wings or eyes in flies and feathers and teeth in vertebrates. "Discovering that placodes are also utilized in animals as seemingly primitive as Nematostella shows how fundamental this strategy is in evolution."

The group also showed that activation of a cellular receptor known as Notch was mandatory for tentacles to emerge from a placode. Newly hatched Nematostella larvae swimming in lab seawater laced with a drug that blocks Notch receptor activity failed to sprout tentacles.

The researchers also constructed microarrays from tissue isolated at early, mid, and late stages of tentacle extension, allowing global comparison of the collection of mRNAs, or the "transcriptome," at each stage. That effort, driven by Stowers Research Advisor Chris Seidel, Ph.D., and Ariel Paulson of the Stowers Computational Biology Core, is an obligatory step in pioneering any new model organism.

"Transcriptome analysis led us to identify novel tentacle markers," says Fritz, referring to molecular probes used to define a particular cell type. "Also gene expression patterns that we and others have identified allowed us to construct the first-ever molecular model of how tentacles are patterned."

In short, the study not only suggests universal principles underlying sculpting of epithelial structures from a placode, but also provides investigators with a toolkit to test whether specific genes drive the process.

An added bonus is that in 2007 a consortium of researchers sequenced the Nematostella genome and reported it to be more "human-like" in size and structure than that of Drosophila or another widely used model system, the nematode C. elegans. As a result, Gibson thinks that for many key questions, Nematostella may represent a better laboratory model than either.

"The common ancestor of sea anemones, flies, and humans likely had a surprisingly complex genome," he says, explaining that over millions of years of evolution flies and worms might have lost some genomic complexity. "As a result, these seemingly simple animals share some key genomic characteristics with humans and other vertebrates."

The Gibson laboratory continues to use both flies and sea anemones to ask how epithelial proliferation is controlled and why epithelial placode formation is so prevalent in developing embryos. Their next task is to develop molecular approaches to test how specific genes govern Nematostella embryogenesis. "Right now we are actively working on experimental tools, including techniques to knockout, edit or overexpress genes in Nematostella," says Gibson. "This paper opens up new ground and lays foundation for a next round of more deeply mechanistic studies."

In addition to Seidel and Paulson, Gibson lab postdoctoral fellow Aissam Ikmi, Ph.D., also contributed to the study.

The study was funded by the Stowers Institute for Medical Research and the Burroughs Wellcome Fund.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Stowers Institute for Medical Research.

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Journal Reference:

1. A. E. Fritz, A. Ikmi, C. Seidel, A. Paulson, M. C. Gibson. Mechanisms of tentacle morphogenesis in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. Development, 2013; 140 (10): 2212 DOI: 10.1242/dev.088260

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Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_environment/~3/ipGF0K7T51c/130502093513.htm

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